单侧PKP术对骨质疏松压缩性骨折相邻椎体高度的影响

目的：探讨单一椎体骨质疏松性压缩性骨折行单侧PKP 术后对相邻上下椎体高度的影响。方法：62 例行T12 椎体骨质疏松 性压缩性骨折单侧PKP 术后的患者,测量术前,术后2 天、6 个月、1 年T11 椎体及L1 椎体前缘、中央及后缘高度,计算椎体压缩 率,比较两椎体各时相点椎体前缘、中央及后缘椎体压缩率的变化。结果：术后2 天L1 和T11 的椎体前缘、中央及后缘压缩率比 较差异无统计学意义(P 均>0.05);术后6 个月、1 年后两椎体前缘、中央及后缘高度压缩率比较（P均<0.05）差异有统计学意义。 L1 和T11 术后2 天、6 个月、12 个月不同时相,三点压缩率越来越大,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论：单侧PKP术后椎体相 应负荷的改变,对下位邻近椎体较上位椎体高度影响较大,可能与相邻下位椎体承受的重力高于上位相邻椎体有关。     

第一磨牙窝沟封闭预防龋病的两年临床疗效观察

目的:评估窝沟封闭对预防第一磨牙窝沟龋的2年临床疗效。方法:选择贵阳市花溪区200名7-9岁经家长同意并签署窝沟封闭知情同意书的学生为实验组,进行第一磨牙窝沟封闭;因家长不同意而未进行窝沟封闭的200名同龄学生为对照组,两年内复查两组的龋病发病率和封闭剂的保留情况。结果:实验组窝沟封闭后第一年、第二年第一磨牙龋病的发生率分别为1.50%和1.01%,而对照组分别为4.00%和6.57%,第二年实验组的第一磨牙龋病发病率显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。实验组第一年、第二年的封闭剂完全保留率分别是85.5%和80.4%。结论:窝沟封闭作为一项健康干预措施,能有效降低学生的龋病发病率。     

药学干预对乳腺癌患者辅助化疗期间恶心呕吐和生活质量影响的研究

目的:探讨药学干预对乳腺癌患者辅助化疗期间恶心呕吐和生活质量的影响。方法:采用前瞻性队列研究,共入组87例乳腺癌术后患者。在接受辅助化疗前随机分为干预组(n=44)和对照组(n=43),干预组患者在接受化疗和常规支持治疗的同时,针对化疗引起的恶心呕吐由临床药师对患者进行咨询并指导用药,优化对症治疗方案,对照组仅接受化疗和常规支持治疗。比较两组患者对止吐药物的完全反应率、恶心严重程度、呕吐频次和生活质量。结果:化疗的前3个周期两组对止吐药物的完全缓解率分别为37.2%和63.6%,46.5%和75.0%,44.2%和72.7%,干预组完全缓解率明显高于对照组(P=0.014,P=0.006,P=0.007)。干预组的急性和迟发性恶心较对照组轻(P=0.023,P=0.045),急性和迟发性呕吐频率较对照组明显减少(P=0.006,P=0.034)。生活质量测评显示干预组患者的总健康状况较对照组升高(P=0.028),恶心、呕吐和食欲丧失的症状评分较对照组降低(P=0.025,P=0.045)。结论:临床药师对乳腺癌患者辅助化疗期间进行药学干预可明显减轻患者恶心、呕吐的副反应,并可改善生活质量。临床药师参与乳腺癌患者辅助化疗期间的对症治疗值得在临床广泛推广。     

口温蜡在硬软腭缺损修复中的临床应用

目的:评价口温蜡在软腭缺损修复中制取缺损腔功能印模的应用效果。方法:对11例硬软腭缺损患者分别采用口温蜡和藻酸盐制取缺损腔印模,制作阻塞器,使用两种阻塞器各1个月后,比较其戴口温蜡取模制作的阻塞器时(甲组)、戴藻酸盐取模制作的阻塞器时(乙组)和不戴阻塞器时(丙组)三种情况下,患者口鼻漏情况的主观满意度、语音清晰度(Speech Inteligibility,SI)以及单韵母频谱分析值,分别对其进行比较。结果:甲组的口鼻漏满意度、语音清晰度及单韵母[i]音F1、F2、[u]音F2、[ü]音F2的频率值均显著高于其余两组(P0.05)。结论:口温蜡取模制作的阻塞器能够明显改善患者因腭咽闭合功能不全造成的口鼻漏、言语障碍等状况。     

运动疗法对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者抑郁状态的效果观察

目的:探讨运动疗法对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者抑郁状态的临床效果。方法:选取52例COPD患者,随机分为试验组和对照组,各26例。对照组给予支气管扩张、健康教育、氧疗,试验组在对照组的基础上实施运动疗法,采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、ADL生活质量量表对两组患者治疗前后进行评估。结果:对照组患者SAS、SDS评分治疗前后无明显变化,试验患者SAS、SDS评分均明显低于治疗前(P0.05),两组治疗后组间比较,差异亦有统计学意义(P0.05);试验组生活质量的改善优于对照组(P0.05)。结论:运动疗法能有效的改善COPD患者焦虑、抑郁负性情绪,提高患者的生存质量。     

湖北省钟祥市粘虫发生规律研究

为了明确粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)在湖北省钟祥市的发生规律,对小麦玉米轮作田粘虫成虫和幼虫种群的发生动态、粘虫雌蛾卵巢发育进度以及粘虫越冬虫量作了调查,分析了粘虫种群虫源性质。结果表明,钟祥市为1代粘虫多发区,其虫源为外地迁入的越冬代成虫,1代粘虫危害高峰期在4月中下旬,羽化盛期在5月中下旬,羽化后以迁出为主。第2代粘虫发生量很小,羽化后基本全部迁出;在田间未调查到第3代粘虫幼虫,本区发现的第3代成虫可能为由北方南迁的过境种群;第4代粘虫发生量也很小,羽化后全部迁出,不在本区繁殖危害。在田间未调查到准备越冬的粘虫。     

The importance of reproductive interference in ecology and evolution: from organisms to communities

Knowledge of species interactions is vital to understand ecological and evolutionary patterns in nature. Traditional species interactions (e.g., competition, predation, symbiosis) have received a great deal of deserved attention and their general importance in shaping the evolution of populations and structure of communities is unquestioned. Recently, reproductive interference has been receiving attention as an important species interaction. Reproductive interference is defined as interspecific reproductive activities that decrease the fitness of at least one of the species involved in the interaction. Reproductive interference has the potential to affect the evolutionary trajectories of populations and structure of communities. Here, I comment on seven papers that make up this special feature on reproductive interference. Along the way I highlight key discoveries of these studies and areas of research that may contribute to our understanding of the causes and consequences of reproductive interference.     

The biodiversity‐dependent ecosystem service debt

Habitat destruction is driving biodiversity loss in remaining ecosystems, and ecosystem functioning and services often directly depend on biodiversity. Thus, biodiversity loss is likely creating an ecosystem service debt: a gradual loss of biodiversity‐dependent benefits that people obtain from remaining fragments of natural ecosystems. Here, we develop an approach for quantifying ecosystem service debts, and illustrate its use to estimate how one anthropogenic driver, habitat destruction, could indirectly diminish one ecosystem service, carbon storage, by creating an extinction debt. We estimate that c. 2–21 Pg C could be gradually emitted globally in remaining ecosystem fragments because of plant species loss caused by nearby habitat destruction. The wide range for this estimate reflects substantial uncertainties in how many plant species will be lost, how much species loss will impact ecosystem functioning and whether plant species loss will decrease soil carbon. Our exploratory analysis suggests that biodiversity‐dependent ecosystem service debts can be globally substantial, even when locally small, if they occur diffusely across vast areas of remaining ecosystems. There is substantial value in conserving not only the quantity (area), but also the quality (biodiversity) of natural ecosystems for the sustainable provision of ecosystem services.     

Apparent annual survival of staging ruffs during a period of population decline: insights from sex and site-use related differences

The ruff Philomachus pugnax, a lekking shorebird wintering in Africa and breeding across northern Eurasia, declined severely in its western range. Based on a capture-mark-resighting programme (2004–2011) in the westernmost staging area in Friesland (the Netherlands), we investigated changes in apparent annual survival in relation to age and sex to explore potential causes of decline. We also related temporal variation in apparent survival to environmental factors. We used the Capture-Mark-Recapture multievent statistical framework to overcome biases in survival estimates after testing for hidden heterogeneity of detection. This enabled the estimation of the probability to belong to high or low detectability classes. Apparent survival varied between years but was not related to weather patterns along the flyway, or to flood levels in the Sahel. Over time, a decline in apparent survival is suggested. Due to a short data series and flag loss in the last period this cannot be verified. Nevertheless, the patterns in sex-specific detectability and survival lead to new biological insights. Among highly detectable birds, supposedly most reliant on Friesland, males survived better than females ( = 0.74, range 0.51–0.93; = 0.51, range 0.24–0.81). Among low detectable birds, the pattern is reversed ( = 0.64, range 0.37–0.89; = 0.73, range 0.48–0.93). Probably the staging population contains a mixture of sex-specific migration strategies. A loss of staging females could greatly affect the dynamics of the western ruff population. Further unravelling of these population processes requires geographically extended demographic monitoring and the use of tracking devices.